Characteristics of the drug. Disadvantages of this route: 1. The hematogenous route of metastatic colonization also contributes to formation of intraperitoneal metastases [23,24]. There . Enteral or Alimentary routes: • (a) Sublingual or Buccal, beneath the tongue. Oral Drug Use. Examples:- 1. Parenteral routes of administration include the subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous routes. 2. In general, two categories of medication administration exist: parenteral and nonparenteral. This large, randomized, prospective phase III study demonstrated a significant survival advantage for the intraperitoneal group; remarkably, this group also experienced significantly less clinical hearing loss, tinnitus, neutropenia, and . Intraocular. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION. This route is especially common in chronic studies involving mice for which repetitive IV access is challenging. The intravenous route of administration bypasses the ab-sorption step, resulting in 100% bioavailability. Drug reaches the stream of blood immediately having full access to the entire body and hence, rapid action is produced rendering this route to be the most efficient in life-threatening situations. Administration . Restrain the animal by grasping the skin along its back with your left hand (if right-handed), as shown in picture. This pharmacokinetic effect of route of administration is exemplified by naloxone, a potent opioid antagonist. Excessive volume can be harmful, therefore always use the smallest volume possible. Route. Routes of drug administration can be classified as . It is used in administering aqueous or oleaginous suspensions or solutions. Advantages: 1. Higher levels in plasma than in liver would be expected after s.c. injection, since this route obviously ex-cludes the possibility of portal absorption. Cons: Unsuitable for those who are experiencing severe vomiting or have difficultyswallowing.Also, because it is absorbed slowly, this route is . Over the past decade, a lot of effort has been put both in the academia and clinic in developing IP therapeutic approaches 3. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of intraperitoneal (IP) drug administration (1, 2) Injection into the peritoneal cavity Advantages: 1) local administration of antibiotics for Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) patients . Advantages of the Intravenous Route Immediate effect (suitable for emergencies) Can be given to unconscious patients Avoids first-pass metabolism Achieves predictable and precise control over drug plasma levels compared to other routes Disadvantages of the Intravenous Route Possible anaphylaxis Risk of infection Inconvenient to the patient Painful For these routes to be viable, a medication must be water-soluble or in suspension. Site of action of the drug—local or systemic. Although intraperitoneal delivery is considered a parenteral route of administration, the pharmacokinetics of substances administered intraperitoneally are more similar to those seen after oral administration, because the primary route of absorption is into the mesenteric vessels, which drain into the portal vein and pass through the liver. Intravenous 30-60 sec. . Following are some major benefits or advantages of the oral route, Oral administration is cheapest route Oral administration (PO), ingestion of a drug by mouth and into the gastrointestinal tract, is one way by which a drug can be taken.PO stands for per os, or by mouth.. Methods Clean injection site with alcohol. The lymphatic system is often involved by the disseminating EOC cells as well [25,26,27,28]. Intraperitoneal injection is widely used in rodents as a route of drug administration. Intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), intraperitoneal (IP) and oral routes are the main paths of drug administration in lab- oratory animals,with each offering advantages and disadvan- tages depending on specific goal(s) of the study. 3. A recent objective study has demonstrated that the use of adjuvant platinum-based intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with small-volume residual advanced-stage ovarian cancer remains limited . . 2. a. intraperitoneal b. oral c. intravascular d. topical . The only variable was the route of administration of the cisplatin (intraperitoneal versus intravenous). Disadvantages are that absorption may be delayed, reduced or even enhanced after food or slow or irregular after drugs that inhibit gut motility (antimuscarinic, opioid). Key points to note. Intrathecal route of drug administration is well established in anesthesia and pain management. A variety of therapeutic substances can be delivered by . b. Considerations a. Intraperitoneal (IP) injections should be made into the animal's right abdominal quadrant so as to avoid penetrating the cecum on the left side. The drug concentrations in peritoneal solid cancer tissue and suspended free cancer cells were also significantly higher for a longer time in the intraperitoneal injection group than in the intravenous injection group. The major advantage of the intramuscular route of drug administration is that intramuscular injection is futile if the precise site wherever it's administered isn't conducive to the ready absorption of the drug. Description. This property is most effective in early labor when pain may be getting difficult to cope with, but is not yet as severe as it will become in the later part of labor. Easy, inexpensive, safe, preferred by patients, Slow time . Classification. Advantages of intravenous route of drug administration 1. Parenteral Route • a) Injection-* Subcutaneous (SC) - Beneath the skin. • 2. The disappearance of drugs from the peritoneal cavity upon injection is because of diffusion into the surrounding tissues. 2. Intraperitoneal < 2 -3ml 25 -27 gauge 0.02ml 28 -30 gauge . Advantages (1) Drugs get to the site of action more rapidly, providing a rapid response, which may be required in an emergency. Emergency/routine use. Oral 30-90 min. Mice & Rats -Subcutaneous Injection (SQ or SC) SQ injections are administered in the space between the skin and the underlying muscles. Understanding of how the drug benefits how it is to be given and side effects of the drug will help the patient to take drug regularly and a report to the physician . Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Factors affecting the choice of route 1. Large volumes of solution (up to 10 ml/kg) can be safely administered to rodents through this route ( 5) which may be advantageous for agents with poor solubility. 2. Major drawbacks of parenteral administration are as follows: 1. Time to Effect vs Route. This route is often used to give estrogen to women during menopause to relieve vaginal symptoms such as dryness, soreness, and redness. Administration to bathe or flush open wounds or body cavities. Intrathecal route of drug administration is well established in anesthesia and pain management. Can be Ineffective. Drug administration by these routes is irreversible and poses more risks than the other routes 2. The pharmacokinetic properties, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, of a drug are critically influenced by the route of administration. The _____ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Compared with intravenous (IV) treatment, intraperitoneal (IP) administration permits a several-fold increase in . 74 . Administration by means of an electric current where ions of soluble salts migrate into the tissues of the body. SOP: INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS IN THE RAT 1 I. The physiologic characteristic of the peritoneal cavity not only helps remove toxic metabolites from the body, but also provides a useful portal of ent … Large volume of fluids might be injected by this route Diluted irritant might be injected Absorption is not required No first pass effect takes place. The United States Food and Drug Administration recognizes 111 distinct routes of administration. Differences in presystemic elimination are a cause of variation in drug effect between patients. Intraperitoneal. Site of desired action 3. For chronic pain management, special devices, including pumps, are used. Description. 3. Intramuscular < 0.02 - 0.05ml 25 -27 gauge 0.01ml 28 -30 gauge . Most practitioners feel it is usually safe for baby when narcotics are given to the . Transdermal min to hours. (4) Suitable for drugs that are not absorbed from GIT, or are Absorption is anyway poor with intramuscular injections, especially when you compare with intravenous injections, so wrong choice of site can easily lead to wastage. • * Intracutaneous (IC) - inside the . In this study, three different MSCs delivery routes, intraperitoneal injection (IP), intravenous injection (IV) and anal injection (AI) were compared on DSS-induced colitis mouse model. Drug- and patient-related factors determine the selection of routes for drug administration. Oral Enables shorter treatment time, greater independence of the individual, and improved Definition • A route of administration is the path by which a drug or substance is brought into contact with the body. Gastrointestinal route: a) Oral route - This is the most common and easiest route of administration where drugs are given by mouth. Metronomic chemotherapy decreases the extent of drug-free periods, thereby hindering development of drug resistance. 2. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy allows for treatment of tumors confined within the peritoneum, but achieving sustained tumor-localized chemotherapy remains difficult. Procedure Summary and Goal Describes procedure for the administration of fluids or compounds into the abdominal peritoneal cavity. Properties of the drug (for example, water or lipid solubility, ionization) 2. Advantages: Immediate action takes place This route is preferred in emergency situations This route is preferred for unconscious patients. 9 Advantages of intraperitoneal administration include high intraperitoneal concentration of the drug, as well as a longer half-life of the drug . Main Advantages; Main Disadvantages; Oral. 4. The volume to be injected should be the lowest volume possible and not exceed the current recommended guidelines (see chart below). The drug atropine is used to treat myasthenia gravis. d. Muscarinic receptors are more numerous than nicotinic receptors in the brain. Classification of routes of drug administration • A. Aerosols Local/Topical Route of Drug Administration In this route the drug is applied on the skin Routes of administration can broadly be divided into: topical: local effect, substance is applied directly where its action is desired ; enteral: desired effect is systemic (non-local), substance is given via the digestive tract ; parenteral: desired effect is systemic, substance is given by other routes than the digestive tract ; The U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Parenteral drug administration. The factors are: 1. 4. 2. Administration of a drug that is metabolized by the digestion process of the gastrointestinal tract. Development of drug resistance is a central challenge to the treatment of ovarian cancer. Intraperitoneal administration allows quick reabsorption of large volumes of substances and is the preferred injection route for nonirritant, isotonic solutions [7,11]. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Routes of Medication Administration . Therapeutic objectives (for example, the desirability of a rapid onset of action, the need for long-term treatment, or restriction of delivery to a local site). 2. The drug . Vaginal route. Dosage forms administered orally include tablets, capsules . Intracoelomic Route The intracoelomic route is often reserved for fluid administration in critically ill and dehydrated rep-tiles and amphibians, but other medications may be administered via this route too. 1. Care must be taken to avoid the lung or air sac, which lies in the cranial one half to three fourths of the coelomic cavity, just Pain and wounds: This route can induce pain during the injection; also, frequent injections can cause wounds or abscesses. The most common route of ovarian cancer spread is within the peritoneal cavity. Routes of Drug Administration. Benefits of Oral Route. Additives to the drinking water: When additives are placed in the drinking water it is the responsibility of the investigator to monitor the animal(s) and assure that adequate fluid intake occurs. 3) Sublingual. The oral route of administration is one of the most commonly used routes for drug administration and in this route drugs are in the form of a tablet, capsule, pills, syrup or suspension and are taken by mouth. For chronic pain management, special devices, including pumps, are used. Injection or infusion of a drug that enters systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. Bioavailability is 100%. Routes of administration: background - The route of administration is defined as the path by which a drug or other substance enters the body. Given by mouth is the most common route of drug administration, however it also the one with the most complicated pathway to the target tissues. Muscles are highly vasculorized thus, the drug could be absorbed haematologenously or through the lymphatic fluid. Intraperitoneal (IP) route of drug administration in laboratory animals is a common practice in many in vivo studies of disease models. Administration of chemotherapy intraperitoneally is a means of increasing the dose intensity delivered to the tumor and minimizes systemic toxicity, therefore, it is an attractive therapeutic approach. Intraperitoneal is described as space within the peritoneum. Intraperitoneal: into the peritoneal cavity . Advantages:- 1. A disadvantage of using intraperitoneal injections is that they can have a large variability in effectiveness and misinjection. 1. Route of administration: drugs given by IV route have a very quick and immediate action ; . Pros: Easily administered; preferable to patients; slow-release medications may extend the duration of the effect; medications are formulated to avoid stomach acids and digestive enzymes. Although widely used as a means of administering substances, particularly injectable anaesthetics, this is an inherently unreliable technique, since inadvertent injection of some material into the gut, abdominal fat and subcutaneous tissues is a relatively frequent occurrence (Steward et al, 1968 1, Gaines Das and North, 2007 2).For this reason, it may be preferable to use . The intramuscular route is painful and there may be an abscess at the site of injection, so older and child patients avoid taking . Intramuscular injections can be futile if the exact site where it is administered is not conducive to the ready absorption of the drug. Antineoplastic agents can be administered via various routes including:1 Intravenous peripheral venous access central venous access percutaneous lines peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) implantable devices (Port-a-caths) tunnelled venous access devices (Hickman catheter). 3. The values of the plasma area under concentration-time curves (AUC) were similar for both administration routes. II. Intraperitoneal (IP) drug delivery represents an attractive strategy for the local treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). The drug concentrations in peritoneal solid cancer tissue and suspended free cancer cells were also significantly higher for a longer time in the intraperitoneal injection group than in the intravenous injection group. Considerations: The volume depends on the administration route and the size of the mouse. Intraperitoneal injection of a substance in the mouse Key points to note Although widely used as a means of administering substances, particularly injectable anaesthetics, this is an inherently unreliable technique, since inadvertent injection of some material into the gut, abdominal fat and subcutaneous tissues is a relatively frequent occurrence. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. While this route is an easy to master, quick, suitable for chronic treatments and with low impact of stress on laboratory rodents, there is a common concern that it … 1. 3-Duration of action: Drugs intended for longer duration of action are given by route when absorption is slow (e.g. Although solid-dose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of . For cancers occurring within the abdominal cavity, the advantage of intraperitoneal chemotherapy is the high drug concentration that can be achieved locally with low systemic toxicity. In this study, three different MSCs delivery routes, intraperitoneal injection (IP), intravenous injection (IV) and anal injection (AI) were compared on DSS-induced colitis mouse model. Eight Rights of Giving Medication . Large volumes of solution (up to 10 ml/kg) can be safely administered to rodents through this route ( 5) which may be advantageous for agents with poor solubility. 3. Rate and extent of absorption from different routes 4. Pros & Cons of Different Routes of Drug Administration 1. • (b) Oral-through the mouth • (c) Rectal - Administer through the rectum. The drug is slowly absorbed through the vaginal wall. Some drugs may be administered vaginally to women as a solution, tablet, cream, gel, suppository, or ring. For intraperitoneal administration, restrain the mouse with one hand and tilt the head backward to expose the abdomen. In this administration the drug is administered in the gaseous form. The oral route is the most frequently used route of medicines administration and is the most convenient and cost-effective (Dougherty and Lister, 2015). Risky route: This route is risky as once the drug is given, it cannot be retrieved back or stopped easily. The values of the plasma area under concentration-time curves (AUC) were similar for both administration routes. 5. Using a rat model, this study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetics and tissue absorption of intraperitoneal versus intravenous oxaliplatin. Intraperitoneally applied drug forms are supposed to be located in the peritoneal cavity. It is convenient route in administering drugs in animals that are difficult to restrain. Use the manufacturer's recommended route of injection since some drugs may have adverse side effects or cause discomfort if injected via a non‐recommended route. The rationale for administering chemotherapy directly into the peritoneal cavity is supported by preclinical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics data. Condition of the patient (unconscious, vomiting, diarrhoea). Physical and chemical properties of the drug 2. (3) Can be used when alimentary route is not feasible (eg in unconscious pts). Routes of Drug Administration. The fact that, after s.c. administration, atropine Oral. The main advantage is that these medications do reduce one's perception of pain, as well as the anxiety that is associated with severe pain. Best for emergencies. Pain not occurs because injection is not used. Routes of Drug Administration. Administration Routes . Systemic Routes: It can be classified into two routes; • 1. Rate of bioavailability effect. 2-Drug nature: Drugs which are water soluble are to be injected intravenously. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION • The route of administration is determined by: 1. For anesthesia and acute postoperative pain management, drugs are usually administered by lumbar puncture. A variety of therapeutic substances can be delivered by . Chemotherapy can be administered directly into this space to treat cancers of the abdominal region such as gastric (stomach), appendiceal (appendix), and ovarian. The peritoneum is the membrane (thin tissue) that lines the abdominal cavity and surrounds your abdominal organs. Intraperitoneal drug therapy: an advantage The peritoneum is a cavity which has been successfully utilized by nephrologists to perform peritoneal dialysis (PD) in patients with renal failure. This route is especially common in chronic studies involving mice for which repetitive IV access is challenging. The oral administration route is preferred over the various other administration routes of drug delivery due to the many advantages it exhibits. For anesthesia and acute postoperative pain management, drugs are usually administered by lumbar puncture. Effect of digestive juices and first pass metabolism . We hypothesized that . Titration of dose is possible. Oral. The physiologic characteristic of the peritoneal cavity not only helps remove toxic metabolites from the body, but also provides a useful portal of entry in the body for several pharmacological. By swallowing. transdermal). 4-Patient status: Whether he is conscious or unconscious. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.. Subcutaneous The rate . • Major routes of . In addition, each route has advantages and disadvantages that should be considered depending on the final effect to be achieved, and ultimately the route selected will markedly affect the pharmacokinetics of the substance. Advantages Almost instantaneous absorption of the drug is achieved because of the large surface area of the lungs In pulmonary diseases, it serves almost as a local route as the drug is delivered at the desired site making it more effective and less harmful Hepatic first pass metabolism is avoided Blood levels of volatile anesthetics can be .
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